https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.09306
In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy factor which characterizes the intensity distribution, , of photoelectrons ejected by X-rays from isolated atoms at an angle from the incident X-ray direction. In the dipole approximation, .
Note: This formula relates to gases and is modified by the effects of elastic scattering when applied to solids. At the magic angle, .