https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01746
A measure of the ionizing power (loosely polarity) of a solvent, based on the maximum wavenumber of the longest wavelength electronic absorption band of:
in a given solvent. , called by its originators, is given by: where is in , is in and is in . The so-called normalized scale is defined as:

See also: Grunwald–Winstein equation, Z-value